Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm Cách viết một số dạng bài luận Tiếng Anh Lớp 9

a point:
In other words, that is to say, this/which means that
- Conclusion expressing balanced considerations/opinion indirectly
In conclusion,
On balance,
All things considered,
Taking everything into account/consideration,
To conclude,
To sum up,
All in all,
Finally/Lastly,
it can/must be said/claimed that ...
it seems/appears that ...
it would seem that ...
it is likely/unlikely/possible/foreseeable that ... 
it is clear/obvious that ...
there is no/little doubt that ...
the best course of action would be to ...
achieving a balance between ... would be ...
it is true to say that
although it must be said that ...
it may be concluded/said that ...
All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that .../ 
There is no absolute answer to the question of ...,
In the light of this evidence, it is clear/obvious/etc that ...
In conclusion,
All in all,
To sum up,

It is
Clear/apparent plain/obvious evident

from

above
foregoing
Evidence
Points
arguments
- Conclusion expressing opinion directly:
In conclusion,
On balance,
All things considered,
Taking everything into account/consideration,
To conclude,
To sum up,
All in all,
Finally/Lastly,
It is my belief.opinion that ...
I (firmly) believe/feel/think that ...
I am convinced that ... 
I am inclined to believe that ...
I (do not) agree that/with ...
Taking everything into account, I therefore conclude/feel/believe (that) ...
For the above - mentioned reasons, therefore, I (firmly) believe that ...
Topic: Should teachers give pupils too much homework? Discuss.
	Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say that it is unnecessary for children to work at home in their free time. Moreover, they argue that most teachers do not properly plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. The result is that pupils have to repeat tasks which they have already done at school.
	Recently many parents complained about the difficult homework which teachers gave to their children. The parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time, and they wanted to stop it. Spain and Turkey are two countries which stopped homework recently. In Denmark, West Germany and several other countries in Europe, teachers cannot set homework at weekends. In Holland, teachers allow pupils to stay at school to do their homework. The children are free to help one another. Similar arrangements also exist in some British schools.
	Most people agree that homework is unfair. A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and comfortable room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. Some parents help their children with their homework. Other parents take no interest at all in their children’s homework.
	It is important, however, that teachers talk to parents about homework. A teacher suggests suitable tasks for parents to do with their children. Parents are often better at teaching their own children.
2. Opinion essays:
Present the writer's personal opinion concerning the topic, clearly stated and supported by reasons and/or examples. The opposing viewpoint and reason should be included in a separate paragraph before the closing one, together with an argument that shows it is an unconvincing viewpoint. The writer's opinion should be included in the introduction, and summarised/ restated in the conclusion.
- Useful Expressions for giving Opinions:
To my mind/To my way of thinking, ...
It is my (firm) belief/opinion/view/conviction (that) ...
In my opinion/view ...	My opinion is that,
I (firmly) believe ... 	I (definitely) feel/think that ...
I am (not) convinced that ... 	I am inclined to believe that ...
I (do not) agree that/with ... 	It seems/appears to me ...
It strikes me that ... 	As far as I am concerned, ...
Topic: Some students prefer to study alone. Others prefer to study with a group of students. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 
Maybe someone will choose to study with a group of students, and they can give you sound reasons for their choice. I prefer to study alone because I am sure that study alone will profer you with silence, freedom and enough choice, which is indespensible for a student, but regretly, group study cannot offer.
First, when you study alone, you will not be abstracted by the sound made by other students from your study. It is fretful that when you want to study hard but others drone beside your ears like bees. And always you will be angry enough to begin to quarrel with them. That will certainly lead to an unfruitful study.
Second, many people have their own study styles. Some want to have something to eat when he is studying, some want to lie down with a book in his hand, while still some want to study without anything doing. And when you study alone, you can take your favorite way and needn't regard what others feel.
Third, studying alone profer you with enough choice as you want to do. You can have your media playing, you can open the window, also, you can sing your song when you are in a high spirit. That is great. I always sing a good song when I solve a difficult problem and to think that nobody will criticise you for making noise is a lovely experience.
So, may there some problems for studying alone, I'll prefer to study alone.
3. Essay suggesting solutions to problems:
In which the problems associated with a particular issue or situation are analysed and possible solutions are put forward, together with any expected results/ consequences. The writer's opinion may be mentioned, directly or indirectly, in the introduction and/or conclusion.
* Notice: - Present each point in a separate paragraph
- Well-known quotations or though-provoking statements are useful devices to make your composition more interesting.
- Before writing, you should always make a list of the points you will present
- Do not use informal style or very strong language( eg: I know, I am sure...)
- Useful language for Essay suggesting Solution to problems:
+ To express cause: since/because, in view of/because of/owing to/due to (the fact that) ... The season that .../why .../for ... is that ...
+ To express effect: thus/therefore/so/consequetly/ as a result/consequence, the result of ... would be ..., .... would result in ...
+ To express purpose: so that ..., so as/in order (not) to ..., with the purpose of/intention of (+ing)
 + To express possibility/probability:
It can/could/may/might ..., It is possible/probable/(unlike)ly/forseeable/certain that ..., ... is (unlikely) to/bound to/certain to/possible/probable ... The likelihood/possibility/probability of (-ing/noun) is ... 
- Useful Expressions: Problems & Solution:
Steps
Measures
Should
Must/ could

be taken
So as to
In order to
Solve/overcome/combat ...
Deal with/eradicate ...
Serious attempts to halt/prevent/solve ... must be made.
One (possible)
Another
An alternative

way to
solve/overcome
combat/deal with
eradicate
this problem
the problem (of) ...
Would be/
is ...

People
Governments
We
should focus their/
our attention
on ways
to solve/overcome the problem of ...
to improve the situation of ...
to reduce the impact of ... on society ... 

If steps/measures were taken to ...
If ... happened/were to happen
If attempts were made to address the problem
The effect/result/
Consequence
would be ...
By (+ing) ..., we/governments/etc, can ensure that/ prevent ...
The ... situation could be improved if .../ It would be good idea if ...
The
effect/consequence
outcome/result
Of (+noun/ing)
would
might
be
Topic: The difficulties in learning English and how to overcome them
	Beginners of foreign language always meet difficulties from the outset. For me, I had to overcome these problems when I started learning English.
	English pronunciation is my first obstacle. The pronunciation in English puzzles me a lot because the same letter has different sounds. For example the letter “a” in “bath” is not pronounced in the same way of that in “bathe”. The “ou” in “South” is also different from “ou” in “Southern”. Generally verbs and nouns are pronounced differently although they are written the same. Record is a good example to illustrate it.
	In order to solve this puzzling question I carefully study The A.P.A (The International Phonetic Alphabets) which helps me pronounce English words correctly. In order to have an accent just like the native speakers, I often listen to tapes and repeat after them, trying to imitate them. Moreover, my everyday conversation with the foreigners I meet in the street will enable me to acquire a proper accent.
	Compared with French, English grammar is much easier. However, this does not mean that learners meet no difficulties in learning it. It took me a long time to learn how to master the tenses in English grammar, to endeavor to do as many grammar exercises as possible and read various grammar books.
	In writing English, English language has its own style. In order to drill writing skills, I have tried to read famous novels of distinguished America and English writers. I enjoy the humorous style of writing in Mark Twain’s masterpieces, the elaborate and polished style of George Eliot and the sentimental and lyrical style of John Keats.
	After long and hard years of English study, how pleased I feel when I am able to read English and American authors without any obstacles and difficulties at all.
4. The essay plans for the three types of discursive essays:
For and against
Opinion
Solutions to Problems
Introduction
State topic (without stating your opinion)
Introduction
Sate the topic and your opinion
Introduction
State the problem and its causes/ effects
Main Body
Arguments for & justifications, examples or reasons
Main Body
Viewpoints & reasons/ examples
Main Body
Suggestions & results
Conclusion
Balanced consideration or opinion
Conclusion
Summarise/ restate your opinion
Conclusion
Summarise your opinion
* Formal style:
- Dicursive essay are written in formal style. This means you should use:
+ Passive voice, impersonal constructions
Eg: It is argued that ...; It is a common belief that .....
+ Formal linking words/phrases: furthermore, however, nonetheless
+ Complex sentences with a variety of links, dependent clauses, etc.
- You should not use:
+ short form (eg: I'm, it's) except when these are part of a quotation.
+ colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, idioms: ,lots of, put up with,etc.
+ simplistic vocabulary (eg: Experts say they think this is bad, ...)
+ a series of short sentences (eg: Many people think so. They are wrong)
+ simple linking words (eg: and, but, so) except for variety.
* Useful Tips for Discursive Essays:
- When writing a discursive essay, you should:
+ use topic sentences to introduce the subject of each paragraph
+ write well-developed paragraphs, giving reasons/examples
+ use generalisations (eg: In most developed countries, education ...)
+ use sequencing (eg: Firstly, Secondly, etc)and linking words/phrases
+ make references to other source (eg: Expert have proved that ...)
- You should not:
+ use very emotional language (eg: I absolutely detest people who ...)
+ express personal opinions too strongly (eg: I know ...)
+ use personal examples (eg: In my school ...)
* How to categorise:
Questions
Types
- Discuss (this opinion). Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
- Discuss both of the views. Which do you agree with?
- Present arguments for and against the above opinion. Which one do you agree with?
FOR AND AGAINST
- To what extent do you agree or disagree?
- What do you think ( of this statement)?
- What is you opinion about ...?
- Is it a good idea to ...?
- Which of the views do you agree with?
- Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the given statement.
OPINION
- What do you think are some of the problems facing a mordern city?
- What in your opinion can be done to help the poor improve their situation/
- Discuss the reasons why people move to live in cities
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using computer for communication.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
VI. Kết quả ứng dụng và bài học kinh nghiệm:
a- Kết quả.
- Các em không bị nhầm lẫn về kiểu bài viết.
- Học sinh biết cách sử dụng những cấu trúc hay
- Học sinh tự tin hơn khi gặp phải các đề thi có bài luận.
- Nhiều em đạt giải trong các cuộc thi học sinh giỏi cấp huyện cũng như cấp tỉnh.
b- Bài học kinh nghiệm.
- Giáo viên nên chuẩn bị bài dạy một cách kĩ lưỡng, công phu, áp dụng các dạng bài tập viết một cách linh hoạt hiệu quả, gợi mở, hướng dẫn chi tiết, đưa ra nhiều tình huống viết để học sinh nắm bắt và lựa chọn cho bài viết, phù hợp với mọi đối tượng học sinh.
- Sửa chữa những lỗi sai kịp thời như từ vựng, cấu trúc câu, ngữ nghĩa giúp học sinh hiểu và ghi nhớ.
- Biểu dương những bài viết hay nhằm khơi dậy khả năng sáng tạo, tư duy trong khi viết.
- Giáo viên cần tăng cường kiểm tra khi giao đề cho các em viết ở nhà.
PHẦN KẾT LUẬN VÀ KIẾN NGHỊ
I. KẾT LUẬN:
	Trên đây là một số kinh nghiệm về cách viết một số dạng bài luận Tiếng Anh cho học sinh giỏi THCS mà tôi đã tìm hiểu, nghiên cứu và ứng dụng vào từng năm bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi. Tôi nhận thấy học sinh từng khoá tiếp thu bài dễ dàng hơn, kết qủa học tập của học sinh khả quan hơn, phát huy được tính tích cực, chủ động, sáng tạo của học sinh, thực hiện đúng theo quan điểm đổi mới phương pháp dạy và học môn Tiếng Anh THCS của Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo. Tuy nhiên trên đây chỉ là một số kinh nhiệm nhỏ trong quá trình dạy kĩ năng viết rất mong lãnh đạo các cấp và đồng nghiệp đóng góp chân thành để tôi hoàn thiện tốt hơn trong việc dạy kĩ năng viết nhằm bồi dưỡng cho học sinh giỏi đạt kết quả cao hơn.
II. KIẾN NGHỊ:
1- Về học sinh:
- Cần chuẩn bị bài chu đáo trước khi đến lớp, trong khi học phải thật chú ý lắng nghe bài giảng, tích cực phát biểu đưa ra những ý tưởng, tình huống hay để áp dụng vào bài viết.
- Tránh rụt rè, nhút nhát phải tự tin vào chính mình.
- Khai thác triệt để thông tin từ Internet, từ đó có các thông tin hay để viết bài luận
2- Về giáo viên:
- Chuẩn bị bài dạy một cách công phu, tỉ mỉ, lời hướng dẫn rõ ràng, hệ thống câu hỏi đơn giản, các dạng bài tập phù hợp với mọi đối tượng học sinh.
- Cần kiểm tra và đánh giá kết quả bài viết của học sinh một cách khoa học, chính xác.
- Tạo không khí cởi mở, chân thành trong giờ học giúp học sinh say mê, yêu thích môn học.
- Giới thiệu những quyển sách hay cho học sinh tham khảo.
3- Về nhà trường:
- Đầu tư thêm các đầu sách tham khảo cho môn viết.
- Tạo sân chơi bổ ích cho việc học Tiếng Anh.
4- Về phòng giáo dục:
- Thường xuyên có các lớp bồi dưỡng dạy kĩ năng dạy viết cho giáo viên, đặc biệt là bồi dưỡng cho giáo viên dạy đội tuyển lớp 9.
- Hàng năm Phòng nên cho phần viết luận vào đề thi của tất cả các khối.
	Đại Tự, ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 2013
	 Người viết
	Đặng Văn Dương